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Green tea extract is a concentrated preparation of naturally occurring constituents from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, typically obtained with water, ethanol, or mixed solvents and then supplied as a dry powder or a standardised liquid. In food supplements it is commonly presented as an extract standardised to polyphenols/catechins, with particular focus on (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and it may be decaffeinated or retain part of tea’s naturally occurring caffeine. Composition varies with plant material, processing and extraction ratio, so labels may declare percentages of catechins, EGCG or total polyphenols. In cosmetics it is used as a botanical raw material under the INCI name Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, often delivered in aqueous, glycerinic or hydro-glycolic bases and incorporated into serums, creams, toners and masks. It may also appear as “green tea water” or as catechin-enriched fractions depending on the formulation approach. Although it comes from the same plant used for green, white, oolong and black tea, the extract’s profile is defined by the chosen extraction and standardisation.

Glucosamine is an amino sugar (aminomonosaccharide) that occurs naturally in the body as a building block within certain connective-tissue structures. In food supplements it is most commonly used as glucosamine sulfate or glucosamine hydrochloride, often stabilised as a salt with sodium chloride or potassium chloride, and presented as tablets, capsules, powders, or sachets. The raw material may be sourced from marine materials (e.g., crustacean shells) or produced via microbial fermentation, depending on the manufacturer and purity specifications. On labels it may also appear as “glucosamine sulfate sodium chloride” or “glucosamine sulfate potassium chloride”, which describe stabilised sulfate forms. In cosmetics, glucosamine-related derivatives may be used as functional ingredients in water-based formulas, while supplements typically focus on oral dose forms. Products frequently combine it with other ingredients from the same category, such as chondroitin, and declare the amount either as the salt form or as a glucosamine equivalent.

Antioxidant mineral; supports immunity and the health of hair and nails.

Essential mineral for immunity, wound healing, and the health of skin, hair, and nails.

Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan, meaning a long polysaccharide built from repeating disaccharide units, naturally present in connective tissues and especially in cartilage. In food supplements it is most commonly listed as “chondroitin sulfate” or as a sodium salt, supplied as capsules, tablets, powders, or sachets. Traditional raw-material sources include bovine, porcine, avian, and cartilaginous fish cartilage, while some products use chondroitin sulfate made via microbial fermentation followed by sulfation. Composition and molecular weight can vary with the source and purification process, so labels often specify the form and origin. In cosmetics it may appear as a skin-conditioning/humectant ingredient in topical formulas, typically using water-soluble derivatives and low concentrations suited to leave-on or rinse-off products.

Fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage.