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Salicylic acid is an aromatic organic acid (2‑hydroxybenzoic acid) that occurs naturally in some plants and is widely used as a functional cosmetic ingredient. In formulations it appears as a crystalline powder and is typically incorporated via suitable phases/solvent systems, used either as the free acid or as salicylate salts (e.g., sodium salicylate, potassium salicylate, TEA‑salicylate). In skincare it is found in both leave‑on and rinse‑off products such as gels, serums, toners, creams, and cleansers, where the level is commonly expressed as “acid” (salicylic‑acid equivalent). In haircare it can be present in shampoos and scalp products. In some formulations it may also be used as a preservative, under specific regulatory conditions. pH selection and solubilisation strategy are part of the formulation design to keep the ingredient stable and compatible with other components.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family, widely found across Europe and beyond. In supplements it is typically used as a botanical extract from the root and/or leaves, presented as a powder, capsule, tablet, or liquid, with specifications that vary by plant part and extraction method. In cosmetics it appears under INCI naming, most commonly as “Taraxacum Officinale Extract”, as well as more specific variants that indicate the plant part (e.g., root or aerial parts). Extracts may be water-based, glycerin-based, or hydroalcoholic and are incorporated into formulas such as serums, creams, toners, and scalp-care products. The plant’s natural composition includes a complex mixture of botanical constituents such as polyphenols and sesquiterpene lactones, which can vary with origin and standardisation. On labels, the Latin botanical name is commonly used to ensure precise identification of the species.
Centella asiatica is a herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae family, widely used in cosmetics as a source of botanical extracts. In formulations it most often appears as extracts from aerial parts or leaves, declared under INCI names such as Centella Asiatica Extract or Centella Asiatica Leaf Extract, alongside other closely related centella-derived entries. Extracts may be prepared in water, glycerin, or other cosmetic solvents and are frequently standardised to characteristic triterpene fractions often referred to in cosmetic literature as “centellosides” (e.g., asiaticoside, madecassoside) or as a titrated extract. In skincare it is incorporated into a range of textures including creams, serums, gels, and emulsions, typically as a botanical component of the water phase or as a solubilised extract. Labels may also list cell-culture derived materials (e.g., callus/meristem cell culture) or leaf water, which remain centella-derived materials from the same botanical source. When used in food supplements, it is generally presented as a plant extract in capsules or powders, with specifications that vary by manufacturer.
Fennel seed refers to the dried fruits (often called “seeds”) of the aromatic plant Foeniculum vulgare, naturally rich in essential oil and characteristic aroma compounds typical of the Apiaceae family. In supplements it is used as ground seed, powder, standardised extract, or tincture, with profiles that vary by variety and extraction method. In cosmetics it most commonly appears as a seed extract under the INCI name Foeniculum Vulgare Seed Extract, typically a solvent extract (e.g., glycerin/water) incorporated into fluid formulations. Its aromatic composition may include naturally occurring constituents such as estragole, so different preparations can differ noticeably in organoleptic character. In practice it is found in capsules, herbal infusions, drops, and in skincare products where the extract is used at low concentrations. As a botanical ingredient, quality is closely linked to origin, the plant part used, and control of naturally occurring essential-oil constituents.
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Tribulus terrestris is a herbaceous plant from the Zygophyllaceae family, widely known in botanical literature as “puncture vine”, with product uses typically involving the fruit, aerial parts, and root. In food supplements it is most often found as a plant powder or as a dry extract, frequently standardised for steroidal saponins (e.g., furostanol glycosides) and sometimes declared with a percentage of protodioscin, depending on plant part and origin. The chemical profile of extracts can vary markedly with chemotype, extraction method, and standardisation approach, so labels may also specify an extract ratio (e.g., DER) or percentages of defined fractions. In cosmetics it may appear as a botanical extract for topical use, listed under an INCI name that specifies the plant part (for example, a root extract or a fruit/stem extract). In formulations it is commonly combined with other botanicals and carriers such as maltodextrin, while in topical products it may be included in serums, creams, or toners featuring plant extracts.
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid, a fat-soluble red‑orange pigment that occurs naturally in certain microalgae and then enters the marine food chain. In supplements it is most commonly used as natural astaxanthin sourced from the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, typically supplied as an oleoresin extract rich in astaxanthin, where a portion is present as fatty‑acid esters. Because it is oil‑soluble, it is frequently formulated in softgels with carrier oils (such as olive or sunflower/safflower oil) or as a standardised powder for capsules and tablets. On labels it may appear as “astaxanthin (from Haematococcus pluvialis extract)” or as a standardised algae extract with a declared astaxanthin percentage. In cosmetics it can be found in lipophilic formulas such as serums or creams, often encapsulated or dissolved into the oil phase to improve stability. As a carotenoid pigment it is sensitive to light and oxidation, so formulations commonly include technological antioxidants for protection.
Berberine is a yellow isoquinoline alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plants, including species of the genus Berberis and other botanicals. In food supplements it is most commonly used as an isolated substance or as a salt, most often berberine HCl, typically standardised to a high berberine content. It may also appear as part of botanical extracts where the label declares the berberine amount or a standardisation percentage. Typical product formats include capsules, tablets and powders, with the daily portion stated in milligrams. In cosmetics it can be present as a discrete ingredient or linked to a botanical source, and on INCI lists it may also be found as “Berberine Chloride”. Because it is a plant-derived isolated compound, labelling can vary between “berberine”, “berberine HCl”, and the names of root/bark extracts that supply it.
Green tea extract is a concentrated preparation of naturally occurring constituents from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, typically obtained with water, ethanol, or mixed solvents and then supplied as a dry powder or a standardised liquid. In food supplements it is commonly presented as an extract standardised to polyphenols/catechins, with particular focus on (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and it may be decaffeinated or retain part of tea’s naturally occurring caffeine. Composition varies with plant material, processing and extraction ratio, so labels may declare percentages of catechins, EGCG or total polyphenols. In cosmetics it is used as a botanical raw material under the INCI name Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, often delivered in aqueous, glycerinic or hydro-glycolic bases and incorporated into serums, creams, toners and masks. It may also appear as “green tea water” or as catechin-enriched fractions depending on the formulation approach. Although it comes from the same plant used for green, white, oolong and black tea, the extract’s profile is defined by the chosen extraction and standardisation.
Gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre) is a tropical climbing plant from the Apocynaceae family, used in supplements mainly as leaf powder or as a leaf extract. On labels, the raw material commonly appears as “Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract” or “Gymnema sylvestre extract”, with extracts often standardised by their gymnemic acids content. Extract composition varies with the extraction method and extract ratio, so different products can have different profiles of the plant’s naturally occurring constituents. In cosmetics, it is used as a botanical ingredient under the INCI name “Gymnema Sylvestre Leaf Extract”, typically supplied in water- or glycol-based solutions and incorporated into serums, creams, and skin-care formulas. In supplements, it is most often presented in capsules or tablets as a dry extract or powdered herb.