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Berberine is a yellow isoquinoline alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plants, including species of the genus Berberis and other botanicals. In food supplements it is most commonly used as an isolated substance or as a salt, most often berberine HCl, typically standardised to a high berberine content. It may also appear as part of botanical extracts where the label declares the berberine amount or a standardisation percentage. Typical product formats include capsules, tablets and powders, with the daily portion stated in milligrams. In cosmetics it can be present as a discrete ingredient or linked to a botanical source, and on INCI lists it may also be found as “Berberine Chloride”. Because it is a plant-derived isolated compound, labelling can vary between “berberine”, “berberine HCl”, and the names of root/bark extracts that supply it.
Garlic (Allium sativum) is the aromatic bulb of an Allium plant, widely used as a food and as a botanical raw material in supplements. In foods and supplements it may appear as dried garlic powder, as an extract (e.g., water- or alcohol-soluble), as an oil/oleoresin, or as preparations standardised to characteristic sulfur constituents. Its composition varies with processing, because sulfur compounds are formed and transformed during crushing, drying and extraction. In cosmetics, garlic-derived materials are used under INCI names such as Allium Sativum Bulb Extract or Allium Sativum (Garlic) Bulb Extract, typically in skin and hair formulas. Garlic can be incorporated as an encapsulated extract, as a glycerin/water-based botanical complex, or as controlled aromatic fractions to limit odour. On labels it may be listed as “garlic powder”, “garlic extract”, or by the plant’s Latin name depending on the product category.
Salicylic acid is an aromatic organic acid (2‑hydroxybenzoic acid) that occurs naturally in some plants and is widely used as a functional cosmetic ingredient. In formulations it appears as a crystalline powder and is typically incorporated via suitable phases/solvent systems, used either as the free acid or as salicylate salts (e.g., sodium salicylate, potassium salicylate, TEA‑salicylate). In skincare it is found in both leave‑on and rinse‑off products such as gels, serums, toners, creams, and cleansers, where the level is commonly expressed as “acid” (salicylic‑acid equivalent). In haircare it can be present in shampoos and scalp products. In some formulations it may also be used as a preservative, under specific regulatory conditions. pH selection and solubilisation strategy are part of the formulation design to keep the ingredient stable and compatible with other components.
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) is a perennial herb; in products the dried root and rhizome are most commonly used and may appear on labels as “valerian root” or Valerianae radix. The plant material is typically processed as root powder, a dry extract, or a hydroalcoholic extract, and it may be standardised to characteristic constituents such as valerenic acids. In food supplements it is commonly presented in capsules, tablets, or liquid drops, either alone or blended with other botanical extracts. In cosmetics it can appear as a botanical ingredient or fragrance-related component, with INCI names such as Valeriana Officinalis Rhizome/Root Extract. The botanical species and plant part matter, because the name “valerian” is sometimes used more loosely for other Valeriana species.
Tribulus terrestris is a herbaceous plant from the Zygophyllaceae family, widely known in botanical literature as “puncture vine”, with product uses typically involving the fruit, aerial parts, and root. In food supplements it is most often found as a plant powder or as a dry extract, frequently standardised for steroidal saponins (e.g., furostanol glycosides) and sometimes declared with a percentage of protodioscin, depending on plant part and origin. The chemical profile of extracts can vary markedly with chemotype, extraction method, and standardisation approach, so labels may also specify an extract ratio (e.g., DER) or percentages of defined fractions. In cosmetics it may appear as a botanical extract for topical use, listed under an INCI name that specifies the plant part (for example, a root extract or a fruit/stem extract). In formulations it is commonly combined with other botanicals and carriers such as maltodextrin, while in topical products it may be included in serums, creams, or toners featuring plant extracts.
Horny goat weed refers to several species of the genus Epimedium (Berberidaceae) used as a botanical ingredient in food supplements and, less commonly, in cosmetics. In products it is typically present as powdered aerial parts or as a concentrated extract, often standardised to an icariin content (a marker flavonoid), for example 10% or 20%. Because composition varies by species and extraction method, labels may state “Epimedium spp.” or name a specific species such as Epimedium brevicornum, E. sagittatum, or E. grandiflorum. In supplements it is most often supplied in capsules or tablets as a dry extract, sometimes blended with other botanicals. In cosmetics it may appear as a leaf/stem extract under an INCI name, used in water- or hydroglycol-based formulations.
Essential mineral for immunity, wound healing, and the health of skin, hair, and nails.
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Coenzyme Q10 is a lipophilic benzoquinone (ubiquinone-10) that occurs naturally in human cells and in many foods in small amounts. In food supplements it is typically provided as ubiquinone (the oxidised form) or ubiquinol (the reduced form), commonly dispersed in oils or microencapsulated for softgels, capsules or powders. In cosmetics it is most often declared under the INCI name “Ubiquinone” and is used in emulsions such as face creams, eye-area products, serums and body lotions. As a fat-soluble molecule, it is usually formulated into the oil phase and paired with other formula antioxidants to support stability. On labels it may also appear as “ubidecarenone”, a naming variant used in some markets for the same substance. Cosmetic- and supplement-grade material may be produced by fermentation or synthesis and then standardised for purity.
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a herbaceous plant from the legume family (Fabaceae), recognised by its pink flower heads. In supplements it is most often used as a botanical extract from the flowering tops or flowers, frequently standardised to its isoflavone content (e.g., biochanin A, formononetin, daidzein, genistein). Such extracts appear in capsules, tablets, powders or liquid drops, and may be listed on labels as “Trifolium pratense extract” or as flower/leaf-derived extracts. In cosmetics it is used as a flower or leaf extract declared under its INCI name, and may be supplied in aqueous, glycerinic or hydroalcoholic bases. In topical formulas it is found in serums, creams and scalp or skin products, often as part of multi-botanical blends. The exact composition depends on the plant part, extraction method and the degree of standardisation.
Cranberry is the fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon (Ericaceae), a tart red berry used as a food and as a raw material for supplements. In products it appears as dried fruit powder, juice concentrate, or fruit extract, often standardised for polyphenols, especially proanthocyanidins (PACs), with A‑type PACs frequently highlighted. Its natural composition also includes anthocyanins, flavonols and organic acids, while the levels of these constituents vary with cultivar and processing. Cranberry is most commonly presented in capsules, tablets, drink powders and liquid formats; in cosmetics it may be used as a fruit extract or as a plant-derived aromatic component in formulations.